The big economic point, however, is that the world needs to manage a post-crisis adjustment, in which capital flows turn around. In essence, this is a real, not a monetary, process. The rich countries cannot productively absorb the flow of capital that used to flow from poor ones. Indeed, they never could. What could not go on now has to change.
To understand why this is urgent, it helps to look at financial balances within deficit economies. In the case of the US, for example, they tell a compelling story. The financial balances (gap between income and spending) of the household, corporate, government and foreign sectors sum to zero. What is revealing is how they do so.
Se si dà un'occhiata all'evoluzione nel tempo dei quattro termini dell'identità contabile si scopre come fino alla crisi finanziaria il peso del deficit estero U.S.A. fosse stato sopportato in modo condiviso dalle famiglie e dal governo. La crisi ha tuttavia costretto famiglie e imprese a ridurre la spesa con una conseguenza inevitabile:
With foreigners, households and the corporate sector running surpluses, the government ended up in huge deficit (see chart). In my view, the underlying driver was post-crisis cutbacks by the private sector. The fiscal deficit was far more a result of these shifts than a cause.
The crucial point is that the US can reduce its huge fiscal deficits, without pushing the country into a deep slump, if and only if other sectors expand spending, relative to incomes. This is unlikely to happen in the US private sector, to a sufficient extent, though some expansion of investment is plausible. A good part of the needed adjustment must come from expansion of foreign spending relative to income – in other words, a reduction in the structural current account deficit.
This analysis lies behind any discussion of global adjustment.
Le previsioni del Fondo Monetario Internazionale contenute in questo rapporto descrivono uno scenario futuro chiaramente insostenibile, nel quale i deficit del conto delle partite correnti dei paesi nei quali questo deficit è già alto continua ad aumentare fino a tornare a livelli pre-crisi, mentre i surplus degli altri paesi si stabilizza (si veda la seconda delle figure qui sopra). Questo è impossibile e certamente insostenibile, rischia di alimentare delle guerre valutarie senza confini che penalizzerebbero in primis la crescita mondiale, danneggiando anche la Cina.
Wolf però non è pessimista e fa osservare come nella dichiarazione dei leaders dei paesi del G-20 sia scritto che “persistently large imbalances, assessed against indicative guidelines to be agreed by our finance ministers and central bank governors, warrant an assessment of their nature and the root causes of impediments to adjustment ... These indicative guidelines composed of a range of indicators would serve as a mechanism to facilitate timely identification of large imbalances that require preventive and corrective actions.” Spero proprio che abbia ragione.
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